漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

" b a% U' n' g& L+ amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, " x% f& p7 a! v3 ?& F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ' e% S+ t' f+ _% L font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ' z ~% |; B n0 A! K( f2 o' F宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,; ~$ J& Z0 v) W" Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: % [% u" D7 v+ O+ H"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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7 ]. I& b e( C A- e3 g! Q) v S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, & {. V) Q5 ~ \( a, Y6 ?9 d" t 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 j; V9 H7 t c) L; N# O) i* sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / Z: e) _" @; t+ @7 F"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 5 W/ `% O% b0 U; }$ _1 Y. ]) l \# f. T; W+ v3 Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, 7 e" r9 g) e, V- ?, F: e宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, & H* U' J" l3 [1 n# V/ z* r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, : k* h+ i/ E6 {$ r4 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, + p4 K3 k$ n) M {! l! P 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

0 u1 ?1 u/ ~% X, { 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 3 w% R& {- P# P( I6 Z! z: X; _5 |4 K: j V0 ^9 l4 i$ o. F$ h font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - \7 F2 x4 a9 N4 F' ["Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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- y" }8 c0 Q# l+ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 0 W* b/ r# n0 S! B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ; w( c; F/ u! T6 f+ e1 p/ c6 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” + H& L9 s: i. {; p8 ?; m% K3 S' H宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 0 z" e) s0 T$ h: w9 Q0 J0 h 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” 4 |' N( H% `% E9 T$ ^- E# \8 a9 j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, 4 k! v& }1 J' x& ?& V# v2 n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( M0 y" Q, O. H"Times New Roman"">前者为因, / D" ]. l4 O( T. L- e, Wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 9 u" X/ V. Z9 v+ jfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 7 c; _4 q& @: S* P; E, y& P"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 0 \, l* c! q6 v K x! umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 1 z7 y2 ~" k S- t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, ; l8 _5 a$ |: s) ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, g |, Q$ J( B" ~+ W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 D& e9 [( j. z: m2 c! l) w! nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( h) l4 y/ `+ P: H9 q"Times New Roman"">“ + E1 _7 E0 _" V) {) m mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? . k8 R) L; ?6 \* L: ^! }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ' l) J( D$ q7 ?$ b, y 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ; B8 G5 E) c: S6 [' [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: $ u' g) P, w* N! {$ _ N: p mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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& I/ V. g4 R" h l7 Gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 " C3 w* G" c. u/ q" K5 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, $ j6 \" M. E3 Q+ U" E: W$ d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # I/ d. u M [' Q4 P: n8 F1 |"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, " d7 N) B h. A, V mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 5 |* ?+ h' l( o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 T# @% P- ?' r6 J& C' k"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 1 O- M3 F% w/ | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 : h3 j6 H. }* v4 z: r6 l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里0 _7 X: W& ?& q( f8 ^1 W3 amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 7 O) M" R$ Z$ p! T mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(4 Q i9 r. B6 T9 p: Z1 z$ \ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), D. J. p9 O; l5 [. P4 T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用% q4 z: g k5 a+ q0 o9 ?12.0pt">, ( Q) q8 r9 D* @7 M" [5 `8 { "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, & f5 k. m4 P, f* d3 w+ t. dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # @) | K. C2 Z& y; p/ f4 Z5 X"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, % O/ U3 n. |& R) q G, m: t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!5 k5 O; |% o4 H9 R3 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ( y$ H% f K) ^2 v# Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 1 [; d* G) A1 I: D0 S! ?3 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, ' J$ p/ z; ^% [! l- ~/ _: q2 S0 r 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, . J9 j+ W* i9 K; k3 c" N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' @5 \! \& g) \) H) S; w"Times New Roman"">“ " o( q# A/ ~1 I9 r, C" z( Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”% x; p/ h+ M* B x12.0pt"> : b0 r1 ~$ p& S6 v/ W1 }; Y+ _ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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+ N3 ] O# r5 q5 Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, $ }3 J _7 g& F6 d 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 1 Z$ i2 J, c0 O9 i2 m- } font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, ; G" Q$ a; _6 C' K" Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, & I' f1 U. Q3 R, y# u. s+ r$ T$ ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, - }5 {6 v- Q( wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 6 j; w) b% ^0 I' U1 [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 1 }$ _: @2 p+ U6 k0 }" R 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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6 K) ?" g1 `0 W; [# N6 M6 n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, # h1 [* @" H7 N, x9 \" V: a* c! c6 T. H5 G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ S3 n* c& M7 b0 s"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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E/ E3 W$ I8 i. l4 @8 U& r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 1 q n- b+ F7 W1 a* Y, O 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, 2 z' h, g5 B0 M3 x8 f# yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 K$ l S" t# O/ {% A. V4 Y+ P7 Z* w" l! ^( O/ a; _* emso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, ; u$ W, \/ A0 Z' B1 E0 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,' V+ ~" ? a+ I: ~5 k7 a1 J, ?' p4 i 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, * f$ s, ~9 v' b7 b9 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题" x0 e" n- Q+ N" y 12.0pt">: 8 n' Y3 A/ [. p6 w v4 |! p3 Y "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: % [8 J D# I ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ' d: p% w X' \"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 H; i0 B2 `: M- }( I) O 12.0pt">, 0 N0 R/ k% j5 N"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, . `5 y6 p& x# ~+ U( |: e5 d4 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # p5 x, F, a0 E: J"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ! B# B$ }% H3 M9 L" [5 v! t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ' K; Y3 U' [5 b7 U- j 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, " ]: k2 p) ?6 z) Y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 w0 F% }0 M* n0 B7 \* Q"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题4 N( |- U; R2 R 12.0pt">; ; p& R/ _6 Y+ G9 m2 L* E "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, * m9 }3 F' I/ r7 D. o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求7 ~, I5 k! v4 Y) W, M12.0pt">: / i% }* m5 o" M1 n% w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 2 G2 f/ K! A* ~# Q- bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, ) @( n+ F" E4 U$ L, }6 ^8 g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, + [ U3 n' Z: \% b8 u/ l font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统 e" Q/ ]" F+ j; e12.0pt">:

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2 u9 P8 G5 j5 c7 A' S mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ + F1 V8 F; P8 E% L G0 [宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” $ Y; Z0 {9 `2 g5 i# n 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

 

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7 W& a( m5 q I3 T 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, . U n: r9 |% A6 y$ V3 i. V4 b5 ]! R+ l4 ?5 U) x/ pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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% k, ~$ m$ s. F mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, / E9 Y) k2 p5 ^0 x/ X* F$ J font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: , O" V/ S8 `7 r+ Z; M$ W2 j, e1 D+ H"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, . U* o& E$ b% Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ' U9 ?) ?# W6 V5 |7 g. p0 J- wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # w) H' y% F2 z( G" u"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 3 n# d4 P, n0 Z' Z9 @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 2 W1 V- t9 M$ P! t2 s2 g5 i1 v; B0 @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; F1 j. v; ~$ ]6 {: u4 ~" o"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, * U' c3 }' G7 R- [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 6 M; C4 E0 a& o% }* y; o# D宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 1 _' R, w9 m, P; P; m3 N+ u8 r1 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: / f& \. s4 a" \: Z"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, 9 h0 q' n, p# }- Q# ]& z* x3 imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 8 G, S$ G6 |- Y, B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 3 ?' t/ E0 h- c$ P6 N ^( C+ K' j/ p2 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

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~% F- ~; k" @6 G3 p* y: g mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,; s# x4 P- X% Y5 X) _" A* o w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * E+ Q j0 h ?: ~. @"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, I j6 ]8 D2 }: ?) U6 \ {12.0pt">, + U7 }6 g7 e& p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 2 X0 c' C( s. L7 }# N* M3 B; Q8 hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:/ Y7 [! n- ~: dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 3 v% t2 y; d4 b0 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 1 y+ }( l N1 N, ]8 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 9 \% ^1 Q$ |. U' ` K% V; j mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, " m; i1 `" Y: J% y font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 3 z, m; @$ @$ f* q) X- V" T, Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ / f" {( E, L8 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, + W: F: j! ~! g6 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 B5 i# q8 T, a, K. w. a"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊