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今日下午，《论语札记》作者贾陆英老师继续在老秘网QQ群“重温经典读书会”组织大家学习讨论《论语》为政篇第2章。有贾老师的热心授课，我们的重温经典读书会已名副其实了。昨天老秘网新开了“公文写作合议庭”版块，也期待大家积极参与。这里，老猫把今日的聊天记录整理如下：
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">各位好，星期一下午有事未到，让大家久等了。特致歉意。今天下午，我们学习讨论《论语》为政篇第5 e3 o+ C" v4 Wmso-font-kerning:0pt">27 H2 n+ f! D* c% kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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- @/ d3 { V4 O! B. d/ cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">子曰：! ~/ v+ q3 s1 F! t n
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。$ M' B8 X: A+ {8 l0 b, rmso-font-kerning:0pt">"
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' d K7 A9 E9 ~! Z4 ATahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百：《诗经》实有三百零五篇，三百只是举其整数。+ G5 R) ?, E2 t: W v6 _# h- o7 lmso-font-kerning:0pt">“% i8 I/ Z" j. M0 S. P5 c
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e' j0 r) Z& A$ o G" smso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">：概括。思无邪：《诗经2 w! g, T( Q- [, \" O! ymso-font-kerning:0pt">•+ \0 d# x5 x( k$ T, W* `7 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;0 V$ k8 G4 T. w# k
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$ R) h, X9 [) u; mmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">駧》》上的一句话。原文的思字是语助词，孔子借用这句话把思作思想讲。无邪：纯正，没有邪念。$ m# V2 W/ ~0 S" l
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">孔子说：! ^9 r0 [& I0 D' c; k1 M0pt">“. m& G" V) Y. J; ^! A. E& YTahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;5 I* z. |) a% a( J0 V
mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》三百篇，用一句话来概括它，就是$ m7 ], b" `* N9 s5 I0pt">‘% J9 ?' y# m: y. K, v" Q8 @Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;4 J* L h( Y) A
mso-font-kerning:0pt">思想纯正。8 l! f' l' Q& x+ k; _% ~4 ^
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/ T7 {; ?" }0 O" Z* f. ^& l8 T5 QTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">问：孔子为什么极为重视诗教？0 {, Q) W w/ ^: H) i0pt">
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">答：本章是孔子对《诗经》精神的概括。孔子曾经说过，吾道一以贯之，指出他的学说有一个贯穿其中的基本精神，读书学习，重要的是要把握这个基本精神。一言以蔽之，就是一以贯之的意思，* R$ v* L9 P3 M0 D- j$ t. _) a
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8 B* D5 Y1 P7 \- L, O( rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">就是贯穿于诗经三百篇中的核心精神。) l5 l" Q& D( t# f. P& x
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mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴于诗、立于礼、成于乐# O9 ?4 _ c6 N0 A$ A# d3 ~1 ?
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4 r+ k: L+ ?$ F v/ b' m/ rmso-font-kerning:0pt">泰伯》），兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要，所兴的是人的情感。立于礼，礼教的目的是使人在社会上立足。成于乐，乐教的目的是使这种3 {# p9 k6 g/ @% _/ w. f0 t9 e6 M, [
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$ s+ w8 Y/ m0 J7 Gmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">立. ^" n1 j7 E w! p% ~2 Jmso-font-kerning:0pt">”/ ^" }. f( C' G6 y* v3 ~2 R
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">最终得以完成。古人讲的; l* g: v5 b5 e4 d: v' Z9 jmso-font-kerning:0pt">“* i$ b6 U0 }( p) Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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) R8 W9 T1 @! p3 s, @2 Hmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，包括音乐、舞蹈、诗歌等等，诗歌是运用有节律、有韵律的语言反映生活、抒发情感的文学体裁，孔子认为，就教化的功能而言，$ _2 _( ^5 N+ Z. g5 W- ]) {; H) Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“) t; W- e8 O- O. o. p7 Y
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">《诗经》是中国最早的一部诗歌总集，经孔子删订，收有从西周初年到春秋中叶的诗歌5 F" R0 o) i- a2 C1 [
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4 f5 n+ F. l: }mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">篇。孔子特别重视9 U& ]+ v3 D# W6 n- n$ |0 K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">对于人格完善的重要作用，他说：, o+ J* z" a& p9 H2 ]2 I. G; ~mso-font-kerning:0pt">“# ~( r5 b7 t. Q
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# i8 W; x; [4 h' b, D' K7 |mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。5 n# H r5 Q% w0 ~0 H+ q
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语) z8 G5 d! R8 j" L8 r' {1 p& smso-font-kerning:0pt">•% k* {; s! u, C4 I8 D
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W( l; ?6 X2 e. }! M$ M) e: kmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">季氏》）+ _1 Q3 s! \5 j! p* a6 Q/ ]
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。0 A6 w: J; C0 y `' `/ m/ emso-font-kerning:0pt">”1 S( s- D! ]; V0 v0 ~ t: Z
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">阳货》）由此可见，孔子重视《诗经》的教育，一是在于学习《诗》的语言和文化知识，二是通过" I; j$ R3 ~3 A, d3 a! I* V$ W$ T
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" f' f4 L, C4 K( ]% pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">兴、观、群、怨$ W/ r; _9 I2 Hmso-font-kerning:0pt">”; Q* f0 m2 T4 z9 y
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">陶冶人的情操，并对弟子进行事父、事君等政治思想教育，使人% h% I' V4 d) O6 Dmso-font-kerning:0pt">“# B8 e, R% X) A; O4 D" B0 x
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9 @ O8 x H2 ]- @" R% q2 J5 Pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，遐思而纯正，宁静而致远。3 f3 {" |4 Q) A i$ m. m
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5 ]* y9 D9 o. \" Cmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">不学诗，无以言。5 p$ c% R2 ^" W, g
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$ {% y3 {9 o4 t# |* bTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗三百，一言以蔽之，曰：思无邪。' W8 t: w: Y5 W* a9 _. r
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">睡虫歪解：诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。+ \5 r4 J; L7 j* x7 L: H- P8 A* `4 w
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗歌三百篇，用一句话来掩盖，就是思想纯正。本来这诗歌中都是男思女，女想男，教人学坏啊。于是孔子来遮盖这个丑啊，就说，人家的思想是很纯洁的。' I! V+ d* h6 w; y
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8 z+ l$ I4 a% X5 V) y, f: E& g' pmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">此乃5 _. _$ `. N+ s; }' n3 J6 |/ @3 a* a
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">。诗经确有许多歌颂男女爱情的作品，那时的社会风气是开化的，孔子的思想也是开化的。这种风气被改变，是后来的事。不可用后人的标准衡量前人。“我把贾老得罪了”) M+ n1 O; t% V8 \; e% [6 |
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">开个玩笑，没关系的。; b& V( l% c8 S8 _& Zmso-font-kerning:0pt"> 2 w6 M9 _- |% c8 x# {$ c0 J% _( p
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">诗，可以兴，可以观、可以群，可以怨。' }5 e8 P- S' k& s2 ^
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">学诗的作用就在于1 t. I+ D" |; L0 T$ O4 g* \mso-font-kerning:0pt">“- f; E- A6 ]9 I; _- k1 G
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">观' r% S0 O: _4 I, J' z1 K
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">四个字。所谓! x9 ~6 S9 i& ~6 M5 ?( ^mso-font-kerning:0pt">“/ k3 z$ z6 _+ d' Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以激发人的兴致，培养想象力；所谓1 l$ M2 F8 f+ Y9 l
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) j' P, i! U4 K2 J3 C2 s {& Wmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以多识鸟兽草木等大自然之物，提高观察力；所谓3 f; j% y3 Z Q7 \: x4 H+ ~
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8 E( |9 W" ^1 F) r3 H: Ymso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗可以涵养温柔敦厚的性情，提高在群体中生活的能力；所谓# D& [- I) [+ l1 g9 U. S
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">，就是说学诗还可以锻炼" o) \3 ]6 B7 n, i
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. t( S7 Z% ?* h0 t& C/ T7 Rmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《论语/ q4 u5 j8 ~! O J; B' C" _mso-font-kerning:0pt">.- |( G5 u" N- D, t& d" c0 z- {
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0 b6 p5 e) C" S% dmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">八佾》）的胸襟和品格，抒发心中之怨，而又能$ k4 ?0 O h- [" e: Xmso-font-kerning:0pt">“& g3 l* d0 A9 L3 p2 Q) \
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mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">（《朱熹0 |3 ~% e0 u6 ^7 {# f6 ~
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3 D' K, t0 B1 fmso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">论语集注》），恰到好处，合乎中道。总之，学诗可以使人# T3 g. s$ X* B) q8 n8 a8 {mso-font-kerning:0pt">“1 H, Z' H+ n1 d( K' Q* J0 G% ^
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# F" u& r1 R' i. oTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">继续歪解啊：群呢，就是说物以类聚，大家有共同的审美和爱好，对诗经有雷同的见解，于是呢，就找到好朋友了。所谓怨呢，就是说看到诗经里写的这么美好的事物人物，会生出点点怨气，怨自己为什么没有诗经这么美好的生活，从而激发斗志。; A/ m. d3 W/ N' emso-font-kerning:0pt">) z4 N- E8 A0 `6 M1 i
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^6 J; ~& G+ S5 |) M c" ZTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">大家是做文秘工作的，写文章，也需要提高文学素养，如能恰到好处地引用几句诗词、名言警句，定会使文稿熠熠生辉。否则，干巴巴的，没有文彩，读之无味。$ l7 l" |$ J6 Z
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. B7 W1 O; N1 r+ D) t3 eTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">我们领导基本把稿子中的诗句都略掉，不读，也许在正式场合没有习总的温柔劲吧2 q% R9 r9 T; ?5 Y" H/ Z& u; Y
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F! [0 z" A5 `2 a6 C. OTahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">怨，是否也指怨刺，有着对社会的不满和抨击，比如《硕鼠》《伐檀》等等8 `& d7 T, h& P4 @# n$ pmso-font-kerning:0pt"> , I; W& l: \" P- N8 `* a( P
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Tahoma;color:#006EFE;mso-font-kerning:0pt">贾陆英：( j: \: [" S* D
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Tahoma;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">是啊，大家看看习总的语言风格，文学素养深厚，值得学习。
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